The Bureau of Indian Standards established in 2009 standards for feeds/feed materials intended
for meat and milk producing animals.On December 10, 2019, the FSSAI issues guidelines, based on the Food
Safety and Standards Act (2006), requiring commercial feeds/feed materials intended for food producing
animals to comply with the relevant BIS standards, and to be manufactured, imported, distributed, and sold only
with BIS Certification Mark ,With the new FSSAI guidelines, the intent is to make the BIS standards mandatory.
The authority’s action is premised on the imported nature of commercial feeds/feed materials and their
utilization in the domestic meat (i.e., from the domestic/Asian water-buffalo, Bubalus bubalis) and dairy (both
water buffalo and Bos taurus) cattle herds. The FSSAI guidelines set an implementation date of June 10, 2020,
six-months from the date of issue of the notification.On January 27, 2020, nevertheless the FSSAI amends its December 10, 2019, guidelines. It notes that commercial feeds intended for cattle will comply with BIS specifications only for compounded feeds for cattle (IS 2052:2009) and shall carry a BIS Certification Mark on the label of products. Implementation is set to begin six-months from the date of issue of this guideline, that is on July 27, 2020. On July 24, 2020, the authority,however, amends the guidelines’ compliance timeline, establishing a new compliance date of January 21, 2021.
On January 1, 2021, the FSSAI extends the compliance date for stakeholders to adopt BSI standards pertaining
to the commercial feeds/feed materials intended for meat and milk producing animals. The new compliance
date is July 1, 2021, with the timeline extended to accommodate requests from industry stakeholders due to the
COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the nationwide lockdown in early 2020.
On July 14, 2021, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) (authority) extended the
compliance timeline for guidelines issued for commercial feeds/feed materials (i.e., compounded cattle feed)
intended for meat and milk producing animals. The extension applies to a relatively limited pool of industry
stakeholders, who encountered difficulties in obtaining Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification/licensing
during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic second wave (see, Appendix I). The new compliance date, for
this group, is set for January 1, 2022. The notification is accessible on the FSSAI website located at:
https://fssai.gov.in/upload/advisories/2021/07/60eeaf0a1cb43Extension_TimeLine_Meat_milk_14_07_2021.pdf
WHAT IS NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT? |
- Nutrient requirement is a statement of what animals on an average requires for a particular function.
- Whereas the nutrient allowance is greater than the nutrient requirements as it includes margin of safety.
- The margin of safety is given to take care of the variations in requirement between individual animals.
Nutrient requirement may be calculated for
- Two purpose
- For maintenance
- For production purposes. (milk, meat, wool, egg, work etc.)
Maintenance
- The maintenance ration is that which takes care of the needs of animals at rest to carry out the basic essential processes of life such as breathing and circulation of blood, without either gain or loss of weight.
Production
- Nutrient supplied to the animal over and above its maintenance requirement is available for production (growth, milk production, reproduction and work.)
DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN (DCP) and TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT (TDN) |
Digestible crude protein
- To find out the digestible crude protein (DCP) content of a feed,multiply the digestibilty coefficient of the crude protein with the crude protein content of the feedstuff.
DCP= Digestibilty Co-efficient x CP
Where, CP represents crude protein content of the feed.
Total Digestible Nutrients
- It is a measure of apparent digestible energy, but it is expressed in units of weight or per cent rather than energy per se. It is the most widely used expression of energy system in the 20th century. Digestibility coefficients are used to compute the TDN: Digestible ether extract is multiplied by 2.25 since its energy is 2.25 times of carbohydrates.
TDN = DCP + DCF + DNFE + (DEE x 2.25)
- Percentage Digestible nutrient is calculated as follows:
- If the digestibility coefficient of protein in soyabean meal is 75 % and the protein content is 45%. The digestible crude protein content of soybean meal is 45 x 75/100 = 33.75 %.
Example calculation of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and DCP
*Factors used to put on a carbohydrate-equvalent basis.
1 kg TDN = 4.4 Mcal DE or 4400 Kcal DE
ME = DE X 82 / 100 (ruminants)
Using the above example, TDN content of a feed = 66.2%
DE content of the feed = 4400 x 66.2 /100 = 2913 Kcal
ME content of the feed = 2913 x 82/100 = 2389 Kcal (ruminants)
Total digestible nutrients (TDN)
- Total digestible nutrients (TDN), indicates the relative energy value of feed to an animal.
- Calculation of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
- TDN (%) = % DCP + % DCF + % DNFE + (% DEE x 2.25).
Nutrients | Percentage value |
Digestibe crude potein | 4.28 % |
Digestible crude fiber | 9.55% |
Digestible N-free extract | 29.90% |
Digestile crude fat x 2.25 (1.10 x 2.25) | 2.48% |
Total | 46.21% (TDN) |
- Feeds listed and grouped according to their percentage of TDN for cattle – As fed basis
Group.A. Primarily the pure fats and other high fat feeds, plus certain other feeds of generally high digestibility.
Feed stuffs | TDN value (%) |
Hydrolysed animal fat | 223.0 |
Soybean oil | 194.0 |
Corn oil | 172.8 |
Peanut kernels | 131.0 |
Cotton seed | 88.0 |
Soya bean seeds | 83.0 |
Group.B. Mostly low- fiber grains and grain by-products.
Feed stuffs | TDN value (%) |
Dried brewers grain | 81.0 |
Corn gluten meal | 78.0 |
Sorghum (Jowar) grain | 78.0 |
Wheat grain | 78.0 |
Corn (Maize) grain | 77.0 |
44% Soyabean meal | 75.0 |
41% solvent extracted cotton seed meal | 70.0 |
Peanut meal | 71.0 |
Group.C.Largely the more fibrous grains and by-products and concentrates.
Feed stuffs | TDN value (%) |
Soyabean hulls | 70.0 |
Copra meal | 68.0 |
36% cottonseed meal | 67.0 |
Dried alfalfa leaves | 64.0 |
Rapeseed meal | 63.0 |
Rice bran | 63.0 |
Wheat bran | 63.0 |
Beet molasses | 61.0 |
Wheat middlings | 61.0 |
Sunflower meal | 60.0 |
Group.D. Predominantly the hays, hay meals, straws, hulls corn cobs,corn stover and cane molasses.
Feed stuffs | TDN value (%) |
Poultry manure | 59.0 |
Oats hay | 56.0 |
Dehydrated alfalfa meal | 55.0 |
Cow pea hay | 53.0 |
Alfalfa hay | 52.0 |
Millets hay | 51.0 |
Peanut hay | 50.0 |
Oat straw | 47.0 |
Ground corn cobs | 45.0 |
Cotton seed hulls | 41.0 |
Cane molasses | 54.0 |
- Calculate the digestibility coefficients of the nutrients with given data and also calculate the TDN.
A bullock consumed 10 kg of hay per day. Over the experimental period, the animal excreted 15 kg of wet faeces per day. The per cent chemical composition of hay and faeces were as follows:
Hay | Faeces | |
Moisture | 9 | 70 |
Crude protein | 6.5 | 1.8 |
Ether extract | 2.5 | 0.8 |
Crude fibre | 27.5 | 8.5 |
Total ash | 10.5 | 18 |
- Calculate the DCP and TDN of the feed with given data:
Chemical composition (%) | Digestibility (%) | |
Crude protein | 8.6 | 60 |
Ether extract | 2.5 | 60 |
Crude fibre | 11.6 | 50 |
NFE | 42.5 | 58 |
DCP = 6.5
CALCULATION OF BODY WEIGHT |
- Where it is not possible to weigh the animals the body weight can be calculated by using Shaeffer’s formula.
For Cattle
W = LG2
300
- W = Body weight in pounds
- L = Length of the animal in inches. It is from the point of the pin bone and the shoulder.
- G = Girth in inches. It is the circumference measured just behind the point of elbow.
The body weight can be converted to kg by the formula 1kg = 2.2 pounds.
READ MORE : POST –PARTUM MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN COW & BUFFALO
For Buffaloes
W = GL
Y
- W = Weight of the animal in seers.
- 1 seer is equal to 0.93 kgs.
- G = Girth of the animal in inches.
- L = Length of the animal in inches.
- Y = is a constant.
- When G is below 65, Y is 9.0
- When G is between 65 to 80, Y is 8.5
- When G is above 80, Y is 8.0.
METABOLIC BODY WEIGHT |
Metabolic body weight (W0.75)
- Body weight to the power of 0.75.
- This is calculated by using Logarithm tables or a calculator.
Using Logarithm tables
Logarithm value | = | 2.6021 x 0.75 = 1.9516 | |
Antilogarithm value for metabolic body weight | } | = | 89.44 |
Using a calculator
- Body weight to the power of 3 and press the square root key twice, you will get the metabolic body weight.
- 400 x 400 x 400 = √64000000 →√8000 → 89.44
DRY MATTER ,ENERGY,PROTEIN AND WATER REQUIREMENT FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS |
- The total quantity of dry matter the animal can consume per day should be known, so that we can compute the ration in a manner that the entire quantity of the nutrients required is present in the dry matter, the animal is able to consume.
- Cattle will generally consume 2.0 to 2.5 kg. of dry matter per 100 kg. body weight.
- Buffaloes, crossbred animals and heavy yielders consume 2.5 to 3.0 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight.
- In mid lactation (10-29 weeks) DM intake has to be increased by 1.7 kg/day.
- In late lactation (30 weeks onwards) DM intake has to be increased by 4.1 kg / day.
- In early lactation, the probable DMI may be up to 18 % less than mid lactation.
DM Requirments of cattle and buffaloes
Function | Cattle | Buffaloes |
Maintenance | 64.35 g / kg mbwt | 62 g/ kgmbw |
Growth | 5.0 G/ GRAM GAIN | 5.0 g/ g gain |
Lactation | 450 G/ KG 4 % FCM | 524 G / KG 6 % FCM |
Pregnancy | 1.5-2.0% b.wt + (1) 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy (2) 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy | 1.5-2.0% b.wt + 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy |
Breeding bulls | 1.5-2.0% bwt | 1.5-2.0% bwt |
Working animals | 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for light, medium and heavy works | 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for light, medium and heavy works |
Calves (1-3 months) | 35-45 g/ metabolic weight | 35-45 g/ metabolic weight |
Calves (3-6months) | 65-80 g/ metabolic weight | 65-80 g/ metabolic weight |
Energy requirements
Function | Cattle | Buffaloes |
Maintenance | 37 g TDN / KG MBT | 35-40 g TDN / KG MBT |
Growth | 2.70 G TDN / G GROWTH | 2.0 G TDN / G GROWTH |
Lactation | ||
Maintenance | 37 g TDN / KG MBT | 35 g TDN / KG MBT |
4 or 6 % FCM | TDN=325 G/ KG 4 % FCM | TDN=406.32 G/ KG 6 % FCM |
Pregnancy | 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy + 1.0 kg TDN during last trimester of pregnancy | 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd Pregnancy + 1.0 kg TDN during last trimester of pregnancy |
GROWTH | 2.70 g TDN / g GROWTH | 2.0 g TDN / g GROWTH |
Breeding bulls | 41.0 g TDN/kg MW | 41.0 g TDN/kg MW |
Working | 2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/ | 2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/hr |
Potein requirments
- The protein in practical diet supply some dietary protein that escapes rumen fermentation and this protein plus the microbial protein produced from supplemental NPN may be enough to produce 20 kg 4 % FCM / day
- Similarly, the protein in practical diets that meet the CP or DCP requirements plus energy may be enough to supply enough amino acids for 700 g growth / day
- 6% FCM (kg) = 0.308 M (kg) + 11.54 F (kg)
- 4% FCM (kg) = 0.4 M (kg) + 15 F (kg)
Function | Cattle | Buffaloes |
Growth | ||
Maintenance | 2.75 g DCP or 5.5 g CP / kg MW | 2.75 g DCP/ kg MW or 5.5 g CP / kg MW |
growth | 0.41 g DCP or 0.75 g CP per g gain | 0.23 g DCP or 0.33 g CP per g gain |
lactation | ||
Maintenance | 2.75 g DCP/ kg MW OR 5.5 g CP / kg MW | 3.1 g DCP/ kg MW OR 5.5 g CP / kg MW |
growth | 0.41 g DCP or 0.75 g CP per g gain | 0.23 g DCP or 0.33 CP per g gain |
Milk (6% FCM) | 57.0 g DCP or 90 g CP per kg 4 % FCM | 55.0 g DCP or 90 g CP per kg 6 % FCM |
Breeding | 7.5 g CP/ kg MBWT | |
Working | 2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/hr |
Water
- Lactating dairy cows in the tropics require 60 to 70 L of water per day for maintenance, plus an extra 4 to 5 L for each litre of milk produced.
- Water requirements rise with air temperature. An increase of 4°C will increase water requirements by 6 to 7 L/d.
- High yielding milking cows can drink 150 to 200 L water/d during the hot season.
NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENT FOR MAINTENANCE |
- TDN requirement = 34 g TDN/Kg W 75
- DCP requirement = 2.84 g DCP/Kg W 75
Calcium and Phosphorus requirement
- Animals weighing 250 to 400 kg of body weight the requirement of Calcium is 25 g; and the Phosphorus requirement is 17 g per day .
- Above 400 kg of body weight the requirement of Calcium is 31 g ; and phosphorus requirement is 23 g per day .
Energy and Protein requirements for maintenance
- Data on maintenance requirement of energy were obtained by using short term trials in which the dry, non-producing animals of same sex and body weight were fasted, kept in thermo-neutral environment and their heat production was determined (fasting metabolism). The fasting metabolism gives an estimate about the minimum quantity of net energy that must be supplied to the animals to keep energy equilibrium. This has been estimated both by direct and indirect calorimetry. Most of the work on energy requirementin India was conducted using indirect calorimetry.
- Lot of work has been conducted on energy requirementfor maintenance of dry animal where the energy requirement is reported to be 61 to 104 k cal / kg W
- Data on protein requirementswere generated by using factorial method, where endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN) and metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) are estimated to assess protein requirements (Kehar, 1944). The EUN excretion in Indian cattle was reported to be 0.02g/kg b.wt. The EUN excretion is proportional to body size (W)
- Lot of work has been conducted to determine the protein requirementfor maintenance. Most of the workers have followed factorial methods but lately 35 regression models suggested by Moe et al. (1970-71) have been used to calculate protein requirements. These reports indicate that the DCP requirement for maintenance ranges from 1.97 to 4.21 g/kg metabolic body size. The requirement of 2.48 g/kg W
Daily nutrient requirement for maintenance of mature cows/buffaloes.
Body Weight (kg) | Dry feed (kg) | DCP (g) | ME Mcal | TDN kg | Ca g | P g | Carotene mg | Vitamin A 1000 IU |
200 | 3.5 | 150 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 8 | 7 | 21 | 9 |
250 | 4.0 | 170 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 10 | 9 | 26 | 11 |
300 | 4.5 | 200 | 8.4 | 2.4 | 12 | 10 | 32 | 13 |
350 | 5.0 | 230 | 9.4 | 2.7 | 14 | 11 | 37 | 15 |
400 | 5.5 | 250 | 10.8 | 3.0 | 17 | 13 | 42 | 17 |
450 | 6.0 | 280 | 12.4 | 3.4 | 18 | 14 | 48 | 19 |
500 | 6.5 | 300 | 13.2 | 3.7 | 20 | 15 | 53 | 21 |
550 | 7.0 | 330 | 14.4 | 4.0 | 21 | 16 | 58 | 23 |
600 | 7.5 | 350 | 15.5 | 4.2 | 22 | 17 | 64 | 26 |
(Source: Nutrient requirements of Livestock and Poultry by S.K.Ranjhan)
0.75and maintenance requirement during lactation to be 113 to 160 k cal / kg W0.75. On going through the data, the requirement proposed by Sen et al. (1978) and Ranjhan (1980) have been taken to calculate the energy requirement for maintenance i.e. 122 k cal of ME/ kg W0.75 for both cattle and buffaloes. 0.75). The MFN values determined in Indian cattle were 0.35g/100 g DMI and in buffaloes were 0.34g/100 g DMI. 0.75 as proposed by Sen et al. (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1991) has been used for calculating the DCP requirement for maintenance.
BIS specifications for compounded feeds for cattle
BIS SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR CATTLE |
S.No. | Characteristic Requirement | Type 1 | Type 2 |
1 | Moisture (max) | 11 | 11 |
2 | Crude protein (min) | 22 | 20 |
3 | Crude fat (min) | 3.0 | 2.5 |
4 | Crude fibre (max) | 7 | 12 |
5 | Acid insoluble ash (max) | 3.0 | 4.0 |
BIS SPCIFICATIONS (%) FOR MINERAL MIXTURES FOR CATTLE |
S.No. | Characteristic (percent by mass) | Requirement | |
with salt | without salt | ||
1 | Moisture, (max) | 5 | 5 |
2 | Calcium, (min) | 22 | 28 |
3 4 | Phosphorus, (min) Magnesium (min) | 9 5 | 12 6.5 |
5 | Salt (chlorine as Nacl) (min) | 22 | – |
6 | Iron, (min) | 0.4 | 0.50 |
7 | Iodine (as KI), (min) | 0.02 | 0.03 |
8 | Copper, (min) | 0.06 | 0.08 |
9 | Manganese, (min) | 0.1 | 0.12 |
10 | Cobalt, (min) | 0.01 | 0.012 |
11 | Fluorine, (max) | 0.05 | 0.04 |
12 13 | Zinc,(min) Sulphur (max) | 0.3 0.4 | 0.38 0.5 |
14 15 | Acid Insoluble ash, (Max) Spores of Bacillus anthracis,clostridium sp | 3 NIL | 2.5 NIL |
NUTRITV VALUE OF FEEDS AND FODDER FOR RUMINANTS (% ON DM BASIS) |
DM | CP | DCP | TDN | Ca | P | |
NON LEGUME-GREEN FORAGES | ||||||
NAPIER GRASS | 20 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 44.0 | 0.50 | 0.68 |
PARA GRASS | 20 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 59.0 | 0.28 | 0.16 |
GUINEA GRASS | 20 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 51.0 | 0.39 | 0.16 |
CYANADON DACTYLON (Arugam pul in tamil) | 20 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 45.0 | 0.36 | 0.10 |
SORGHUM | 20 | 10.0 | 2.5 | 50.0 | 0.27 | 0.24 |
MAIZE | 20 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 60.0 | 0.56 | 0.11 |
OATS | 20 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 60.0 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
BARLEY | 20 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 59.0 | 0.47 | 0.18 |
LEGUME-GREEN FORAGE | ||||||
COWPEA | 20 | 20.0 | 12.5 | 59.0 | 1.47 | 0.30 |
LUCERNE | 20 | 22.0 | 13.5 | 59.0 | 1.5 | 0.25 |
SOOBABUL | 20 | 28.0 | 14.0 | 55.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
SESBANIA (AGATHI) | 20 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 52.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
STRAWS | ||||||
PADDY STRAW | 90 | 3.8 | 45 | 0.22 | 0.08 | |
WHEAT STRAW | 90 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 48 | 0.3 | 0.16 |
SORGHUM STRAW | 90 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 56 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
RAGI STRAW | 90 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 52 | 0.39 | 0.20 |
HAY | ||||||
SORGHUM HAY | 90 | 5.6 | 2.5 | 51 | 0.26 | 0.24 |
BARLEY HAY | 90 | 10 | 5 | 57 | 0.47 | 0.18 |
OAT HAY | 90 | 5 | 2.5 | 60 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
GROUND NUT HAULMS | 90 | 20.5 | 12 | 49 | 1.89 | 0.26 |
LUCERNE HAY | 90 | 30.0 | 16.5 | 55 | 2.2 | 0.2 |
COWPEA | 90 | 20.6 | 10.5 | 50 | 1.47 | 0.30 |
CONCENTRATES | ||||||
CEREAL GRAINS | ||||||
BAJRA | 90 | 10.7 | 4.5 | 85.0 | 0.01 | 0.44 |
SORGHUM | 90 | 10.8 | 7.5 | 85.0 | 0.11 | 0.41 |
MAIZE | 90 | 9 | 7.5 | 88.0 | 0.02 | 0.29 |
VEGETABLE PROTEIN SOURCES | ||||||
COCONUT OIL CAKE | 90 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 72.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
COTTON SEED CAKE | 90 | 40.5 | 32.0 | 72.0 | 0.10 | 0.62 |
GRAM | 90 | 22.8 | 20.0 | 74.0 | 0.27 | 0.28 |
SOYA BEAN MEAL | 90 | 45.8 | 40.0 | 72.0 | 0.23 | 0.54 |
GROUND NUT CAKE | 90 | 47.3 | 42.0 | 70.0 | 0.16 | 0.54 |
SEASAME CAKE | 90 | 47.8 | 38.0 | 70.0 | 2.12 | 1.26 |
CEREAL BYPRODUCTS | ||||||
WHEAT BRAN | 90 | 14 | 10.5 | 67.0 | 0.13 | 1.05 |
RICE BRAN | 90 | 13.3 | 8.5 | 60.0 | 0.05 | 1.64 |
0.09 | 1.35 | |||||
GRAM HUSK | 90 | 3.6 | 55 | 1.06 | 0.04 | |
MOLASSES | 70 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 75.0 | 0.48 | 0.06 |
Stovers | ||||||
Maize stover | 90 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 55 | — | — |
Sorghum stover | 90 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 55 | — | — |
Millet | 90 | 3.3 | 0.3 to 0.7 | 55 | — | — |
Average | 90 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 55 | — | — |
Pulse straws | ||||||
Black gram straw | 90 | 10.1 | 5.5 | 58 | — | — |
Cow pea straw | 90 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 58 | — | — |
Green gram straw | 90 | 10.1 | 6.0 | 58 | — | — |
Average | 90 | 10.1 | 5.8 | 58 | — | — |
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR LACTATION |
Energy and protein requirements for lactation
- In practical feeding many factors like level of intake, proportion of concentrate to roughage and the quality of roughage, physical form of the ration (grinding, pelleting etc.) will affect the energy requirement. The requirement proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan et al (1982, 1991) of 1,188 kcal of ME per kg of 4% fat corrected milk was taken to calculate the energy requirementof dairy cattle and buffaloes.
- The requirement of 132 g digestible nitrogen per 100 g of milk nitrogen proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1992) was taken to calculate the DCP requirement.
Nutrient requirements per Kg of milk production (ICAR, 1998)
% fat | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | ME (Mcal) | Ca (g) | P (g) |
3.0 | 40 | 0.270 | 0.97 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
4.0 | 45 | 0.315 | 1.13 | 2.7 | 2.0 |
5.0 | 51 | 0.370 | 1.28 | 2.9 | 2.2 |
6.0 | 57 | 0.410 | 1.36 | 3.1 | 2.4 |
7.0 | 63 | 0.460 | 1.54 | 3.3 | 2.6 |
8.0 | 69 | 0.510 | 1.80 | 3.5 | 2.8 |
9.0 | 75 | 0.500 | 2.06 | 3.7 | 3.0 |
10.0 | 81 | 0.600 | 2.16 | 3.9 | 3.2 |
11.0 | 85 | 0.700 | 2.34 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
TDN requirement
- 330 g TDN/kg fat corrected milk.
- Fat correction of milk (FCM) per Kg is 0.4 + 0.15F, where F is % of fat in milk.
ME requirement
- Gross energy of one Kg of fat corrected milk is 750 kcal of energy = NE requirement per Kg FCM
- Efficiency of ME of feed to NE for Milk production = 62 %
ME requirement per Kg FCM = | 750 x 100 ————- 62 |
= 1200 Kcal
Efficiency of conversion of DE to ME = 82 %
DE requirement per Kg FCM = | 1200 x 100 ————— 82 |
= 1460 Kcal
DCP requirement
- The protein content of milk can be calculated by using the following formula.
- Percentage of protein = 1.9 + 0.4F, where F is percentage of fat.
- Then the DCP requirement is calculated by assuming that the Biological value of microbial protein in Cattle as 70%
- The DCP requirement of 1 kg of milk with 5% fat
- Percentage of protein = 1.9 + (0.4 x 5) = 3.9 % or 39 g in 1 kg.
- Quantity of DCP required is (39 / 70) x 100 = 55.7 or 56 g of DCP for 1 kg of milk with 5% fat.
Mineral requirement for milk production
- 8 g Calcium and 2.0 g phosphorus should be provided per kg of milk produced.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR PREGNANCY |
Energy and protein requirements for pregnancy
- No systematic work on nutrient requirements for pregnancy has been done in India. Therefore, the requirements recommended by NRC (1988) have been adopted for feeding pregnant cattle and buffaloes till such time when Indian values for feeding of pregnant animals are available.
Requirements for maintenance and pregnancy (last 2 months) (ICAR, 1998)
(Kg) B. Wt | Dry Feed (Kg) | DCP (g) | TDN (Kg) | ME (Mcal) | Ca (g) | P (g) | Carotene (mg) | Vit.A 100 IU |
250 | 4.9 | 270 | 3.0 | 10.8 | 14 | 12 | 51 | 21 |
300 | 5.6 | 290 | 3.4 | 12.4 | 16 | 14 | 56 | 25 |
350 | 6.4 | 320 | 3.7 | 13.2 | 21 | 16 | 67 | 27 |
400 | 7.2 | 350 | 4.0 | 14.1 | 23 | 18 | 76 | 30 |
450 | 7.9 | 400 | 4.4 | 15.9 | 26 | 20 | 86 | 34 |
500 | 8.6 | 430 | 4.8 | 17.3 | 29 | 22 | 95 | 38 |
550 | 9.3 | 465 | 5.2 | 18.8 | 31 | 24 | 105 | 42 |
600 | 10.0 | 500 | 5.6 | 20.2 | 34 | 26 | 114 | 46 |
650 | 10.6 | 530 | 6.0 | 21.6 | 36 | 28 | 124 | 50 |
700 | 11.3 | 550 | 6.3 | 22.7 | 39 | 30 | 133 | 53 |
750 | 12.0 | 600 | 6.7 | 24.2 | 42 | 32 | 143 | 57 |
800 | 12.6 | 630 | 7.1 | 25.6 | 44 | 34 | 152 | 6 |
(Source : Nutrient requirement for Livestock and Poultry by S.K.Ranjhan)
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BREEDING BULLS |
- When bulls have properly developed, they are normally fed on maintenance requirement.
- Overfeeding should be avoided as it leads to excessive fattening which lowers the libido.
- No systematic work on nutrient requirements of breeding bulls had been conducted in the country. However, the requirements proposed by Ranjhan (1980) adopted from NRC (1971) have been adopted by ICAR (1998).
- Nutrients required for breeding bulls per head per day
B. wt (kg) | DCP (kg) | SE (kg) | TDN (kg) | Ca (g) | P (g) |
400 | 0.38 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 9 | 9 |
500 | 0.45 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 11 | 11 |
600 | 0.53 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 13 | 13 |
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKING BULLOCKS |
- Work production normally does not involve extra protein over the maintenance. The requirement of nutrients for bullocks for work production is comparatively lower than for fast moving horses.
- For bullocks, the work has been categorized into 2 types
- Normal work – working for 4 h of ploughing or 6 h of carting
- Heavy work – working for 6 h of ploughing or 8 h of carting
- Nutrient requirements for working animals / head / day
- The nutrient requirements of bullocks for different types of work proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1991) have been adopted by ICAR (1998).
B. wt (kg) | Normal work DCP (kg) TDN (kg) | Heavy work DCP (kg) TDN (kg) | ||||
200 | 0.24 | 2.0 | 0.25 | 2.7 | ||
300 | 0.33 | 3.1 | 0.42 | 4.0 | ||
400 | 0.45 | 4.0 | 0.57 | 4.8 | ||
500 | 0.56 | 4.9 | 0.71 | 6.4 | ||
600 | 0.66 | 5.8 | 0.84 | 7.2 | ||
NUTIRENTS REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH |
- Nutrient requirements for growing calves may be divided into 2 phases.
- Pre-ruminant growth period
- The nutrients required for pre-ruminant growth have been reported by Ranjhan (1972) and were adopted by ICAR (1998).
- e. before the rumen is anatomically and physiologically developed.
- Post-ruminant growth period
- Vast data was available on growing zebu cattle, buffaloes and crossbred animals on different planes of nutrition from which nutrient requirements pertaining to protein and energy have been calculated. For minerals and vitamins, the requirements have been derived from NRC (1988) for a specific growth rate. The requirements have been given for growth rates of 550 and 600 g per day.
- Nutrient requirements of preruminant cattle and buffalo calves (ICAR, 1998)
Age (days) | B.wt (kg) | Daily Gain (g) | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | ME (Mcal) | Ca (g) | P (g) | Vit. A 100IU | Vit. D IU |
0-15 | 25 | 200 | 80 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 200 |
16-30 | 30 | 300 | 90 | 0.50 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 250 |
31-60 | 40 | 300 | 125 | 0.80 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 250 |
61-90 | 50 | 350 | 150 | 1.00 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 300 |
- Nutrient requirements for growing calves (cattle) (ICAR, 1998)
- after the rumen has been developed.
(kg) B.wt | Growth rate (g) | DM (kg) | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | ME (Mcal) | Ca (g) | P (g) | Carotene (mg) | Vit.A 100IU |
70 | 550 600 | 2.1 2.3 | 255 260 | 1.4 1.5 | 5.0 5.4 | 8 8 | 6 6 | 7 7 | 3 3 |
80 | 550 600 | 2.4 2.5 | 260 270 | 1.5 1.6 | 5.4 5.8 | 9 9 | 7 7 | 7 8 | 3 3 |
100 | 550 600 | 2.8 3.0 | 270 280 | 2.1 2.2 | 7.6 7.9 | 10 10 | 8 8 | 10 10 | 3 3 |
120 | 550 600 | 3.2 3.7 | 280 290 | 2.3 2.4 | 8.3 8.6 | 14 14 | 11 11 | 11 11 | 4 4 |
140 | 550 600 | 3.7 4.2 | 290 300 | 2.5 2.6 | 9.0 9.4 | 14 14 | 11 11 | 16 16 | 6 6 |
160 | 550 600 | 4.2 4.7 | 300 320 | 2.7 2.8 | 9.7 10.1 | 15 15 | 12 12 | 16 16 | 6 6 |
180 | 550 600 | 4.7 5.2 | 310 320 | 2.9 3.0 | 10.4 10.8 | 15 15 | 12 12 | 18 18 | 8 8 |
200 | 550 600 | 5.2 5.7 | 320 330 | 3.1 3.2 | 11.2 11.5 | 16 16 | 13 13 | 22 22 | 9 9 |
220 | 550 600 | 5.7 6.2 | 330 340 | 3.3 3.4 | 11.9 12.2 | 18 18 | 14 14 | 24 24 | 10 10 |
240 | 550 600 | 6.2 6.7 | 340 350 | 3.5 3.6 | 12.6 13.0 | 20 20 | 16 16 | 28 28 | 12 12 |
260 | 550 600 | 6.7 7.2 | 350 360 | 3.7 3.8 | 13.3 13.7 | 20 20 | 16 16 | 30 30 | 13 13 |
FEEDING OF CALVES UPTO 3 MONTHS |
Age of calf | Whole milk (g) | Skim-milk (g) | Calf-starter* (g) | Good-quality hay (g) | |
1st 3 days | 2,500 (Colostrum) | – | – | – | |
4th to 7th day | 2,500 | – | – | – | |
2nd Week | 3,000 | – | 100 | 300 | |
3rd Week | 3,250 | 300 | 500 | ||
4th Week | 3,000 | – | 400 | 600 | |
5th Week | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | 700 | |
6th Week | – | 2,500 | 650 | 750 | |
7th Week | – | 2,000 | 800 | 850 | |
8th Week | – | 1,750 | 1,000 | 1,000 | |
9th Week | – | 1,250 (Up to 60th day) | 1,200 | 1,100 | |
10th Week | – | – | 1,300 | 1,200 | |
11th Week | – | – | 1,400 | 1,300 | |
12th Week | – | – | 1,500 | 1,500 | |
13th Week | – | – | 2,000 | 2,000 | |
NUTRIENT (% of DM) SPECIFICATION OF CALF STARTER AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF HEIFERS. | |||||
Nutrient | Amount required |
DCP | 18.0 |
TDN | 80.0 |
Fat | 3.0 |
ME ( Mcal/ kg DM) | 3.11 |
Ca | 0.60 |
P | 0.40 |
Vitamin A (IU/ kg) | 2,200 |
Vitamin D (IU/kg) | 300 |
Vitamin E (IU/kg) | 25 |
Daily Nutrient requirement of growing heifer calves
Live Weight(kg) | Daily gain(g) | DM (kg) | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | Ca(g) | P (g) |
20 | 100 | — | 56 | 0.44 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
25 | 150 | – | 70 | 0.54 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
35 | 250 | 0.85 | 100 | 0.74 | 2.5 | 1.5 |
50 | 400 | 1.50 | 140 | 1.02 | 3.8 | 2.1 |
75 | 450 | 2.25 | 175 | 1.31 | 5.4 | 3.2 |
Nutrient Requirements of Pre-ruminant Calves
Age | Body Weight (kg) | Daily gain (g ) | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | ME (Mcal/kg) | Ca (g) | P (g) | Vit. A (IU) | Vit D (IU) |
Birth to 15 days | 25 | 200 | 80 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 150 | 200 |
15 to 30 days | 30 | 200 | 90 | 0.50 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 250 |
31 to 60 days | 40 | 300 | 125 | 0.80 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 170 | 250 |
60 to 90 days | 50 | 350 | 150 | 1.00 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 200 | 360 |
Calcium and Phosphorus requirement of growing cattle (Growth 500 g/day)
Age | Body Weight (kg) | Daily gain (g ) | DCP (g) | TDN (kg) | ME (Mcal/kg) | Ca (g) | P (g) | Vit. A (IU) | Vit D (IU) |
Birth to 15 days | 25 | 200 | 80 | 0.40 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 150 | 200 |
15 to 30 days | 30 | 200 | 90 | 0.50 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 250 |
31 to 60 days | 40 | 300 | 125 | 0.80 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 170 | 250 |
60 to 90 days | 50 | 350 | 150 | 1.00 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 200 | 360 |