M. Temghare, A. Dubey, Y. Verma, M. Swamy and M. Jatav
Department of Veterinary Pathology
College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Jabalpur
Introduction: Phosphorus is a crucial mineral for livestock health, playing a vital role in bone development, energy metabolism, and overall growth. In India, where cattle are integral to agriculture and rural livelihoods, phosphorus deficiency poses significant challenges to animal health and productivity. This article explores the causes, symptoms, and potential solutions to phosphorus deficiency in cattle in the Indian conditions. Synonyms: Metabolic or nutritional Haemoglobinuria, Post-parturient haemoglobinuria, Hypophosphatemia, Red water, Lahu – mutna
The Importance of Phosphorus: Phosphorus is essential for various biological processes in cattle, including:
- Bone Formation: It works alongside calcium to develop strong bones and teeth.
- Energy Metabolism: Phosphorus is a key component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of cells.
- Reproductive Health: Adequate phosphorus levels are crucial for fertility and reproduction in cattle
- Milk Production: In dairy cattle, phosphorus contributes to milk yield and quality.
Causes of Phosphorus Deficiency: Several factors contribute to phosphorus deficiency in cattle across different regions of India:
- Soil Composition: Many regions in India have phosphorus-deficient soils, which leads to low phosphorus levels in forage and feed.
- Improper Feeding Practices: Farmers often rely on traditional feeding methods that do not meet the nutritional needs of their cattle, particularly in terms of minerals.
- Seasonal Variations: During certain seasons, the nutritional quality of pastures declines, further exacerbating phosphorus deficiencies.
- Lack of Supplementation: Many farmers are unaware of the importance of mineral supplements, leading to inadequate dietary phosphorus.
Symptoms of Phosphorus Deficiency: Recognizing the signs of phosphorus deficiency in cattle is crucial for timely intervention. Common symptoms include:
- Reduced Growth Rate: Cattle may show stunted growth or slow weight gain.
- Lameness: Poor bone development can lead to lameness or difficulty in movement.
- Poor Reproductive Performance: Fertility issues, such as irregular heat cycles or lower conception rates, may arise.
- Decreased Milk Production: Dairy cattle may produce less milk, affecting farm profitability.
- Behavioural Changes: Cattle may exhibit abnormal behaviours, such as reduced feed intake or lethargy.
- Light to dark coffee coloured urine is characteristic symptom.
- Passage of pasty faeces with straining is consistent finding

Fig: Affected cattle excreting Red urine (Lahu Mutna)
Preventive measures:
- Soil Testing: Farmers should regularly test soil and forage for nutrient content to identify deficiencies.
- Balanced Diet: Incorporating phosphorus-rich feeds, such as oilseed cakes, grains, and mineral mixes, can help meet cattle’s nutritional needs.
- Supplementation: Mineral supplements containing phosphorus should be provided, especially during critical growth and lactation periods.
- Education and Awareness: Training programs for farmers about the importance of phosphorus and proper feeding practices can lead to better cattle health and productivity. `
Conclusion: Phosphorus deficiency in cattle is a significant issue in India that affects livestock health, productivity, and, ultimately, farmer livelihoods. By understanding the causes and symptoms, and implementing effective management strategies, farmers can combat this deficiency and enhance the well-being of their cattle. Investing in cattle nutrition not only benefits individual farmers but also contributes to the overall sustainability and growth of the agricultural sector in India.
Treatment: As the importance of livestock in rural economies continues to grow, addressing nutrient deficiencies like phosphorus will be crucial for ensuring the health of cattle and the prosperity of farmers across the nation.
Phosphorus deficiency can significantly impact the health and productivity of cattle. While consulting a veterinarian is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment, there are several at-home strategies that farmers can employ to manage phosphorus deficiency effectively.
1. Dietary Adjustments
Incorporate Phosphorus-Rich Feeds:
- Oilseed Cakes: Ingredients like soybean, groundnut, or sunflower cake are rich in phosphorus.
- Grains: Corn and barley can also provide additional phosphorus.
- Leguminous Forages: Incorporating clover or lucerne can enhance the phosphorus content of the diet.
Supplemental Mineral Mixes: Use commercial mineral supplements that contain phosphorus. These can be mixed with feed to ensure cattle receive adequate levels.


Fig: Phosphorous Bolus & Supplement
2. Balanced Ration Formulation: Ensure that cattle receive a balanced diet that includes not only phosphorus but also calcium and other essential minerals. A ratio of 1:2 of calcium to phosphorus is generally recommended. Consider consulting resources or extension services for proper ration formulation.
3. Regular Forage Testing: Test your pasture and forage periodically for nutrient levels. This helps identify phosphorus deficiency and allows for targeted supplementation. Local agricultural extension services often provide testing services.
4. Utilize Bone Meal or Rock Phosphate: Adding bone meal or rock phosphate to the feed can effectively boost phosphorus levels. These natural supplements are rich in phosphorus and can be incorporated into the diet as per recommended guidelines.
5. Monitor Water Quality: Ensure that the water supply is clean and free from contaminants, as poor water quality can affect nutrient absorption in cattle.
6. Observe Cattle Behaviour: Keep a close eye on cattle for signs of phosphorus deficiency, such as reduced growth, poor milk production, or lameness. Early detection can lead to quicker interventions.
7. Promote Good Feeding Practices
- Regular Feeding Schedule: Maintain a consistent feeding routine to ensure cattle receive their daily nutrient requirements.
- Avoid Overfeeding: Ensure that feeds are not spoiled or mouldy, as this can hinder nutrient absorption.
8. Educate Yourself: Stay informed about cattle nutrition through workshops, local agricultural programs, or online resources. Understanding nutrient requirements can help prevent deficiencies.
9. Clinical Treatment:
A) Specific treatment:
1) Sodium acid phosphate @ 80 gm I/V as a 20% solution in dextrose or distilled water for 2-
4 days is highly effective.
2) Inj. Tonoricin / Inj. Tonophosphon @ 30 ml I/V daily for 2-4 days is also effective.
Tonoricin : Organic phosphorus preparation.

Fig: Injection Tonophosphon
3) Inj. Ascorbic acid @ 15-20 mg / kg I/V daily for 2-4 days can also be used.
4) Use of antifibrinolytic drugs
e.g. Inj. Botropase 10 ml in 20 ml normal saline I/V daily for 1-3 days (Avg. 2 injections).
5) Inj. Para-amino-methyl benzoic acid (PAMBA) @ 300 mg mixed in 500 ml D5 I/V daily
for 3-4 days.
6) Inj. Epsilon – amino caproic acid (EACA) @ 20 gm powder dissolved in 500 ml D5 I/V
daily for 3-4 days.
B) Supportive treatment :
1) Inj. Dextrose 20% 500-1000 ml I/V daily for 2-3 days.
2) Inj. liver extract with „B‟ complex @ 5 ml daily for 5-7 days.
3) Inj. Imferon @ 5 ml I/M daily for 5-7 days or haematinic mixture FeSo4 – 59 + CuSo4 –
0.29 + Cobalt sulphate – 0.29.
In jaggery orally for 7-10 days to correct anaemia.
4) Blood transfusion in severe cases.
5) Mineral mixture @ 50 gm daily orally to maintain serum Pi levels.
References:
- National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 8th Revised Edition.
- Underwood, E. J., & Suttle, N. F. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 4th Edition.
CABI Publishing, 2003. - Lifschitz, M. D., & Reuben, P. M. “Phosphorus deficiency and its management in livestock.” Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120(1-2), 2005, pp. 59-69.
- Dr. A. U. Bhikane Handbook for Veterinary Clinicians.
- Amalendu Chakravarti: A textbook of Clinical Veterinary Medicine.